Saturday, 21 April 2018

Video Prodcution


Video production is the process of creating video by capturing moving images (videography), and creating combinations and reductions of parts of this video in live production and post-production (video editing).

It is now distributed digitally in formats such as the Moving Picture Experts Group format (.mpeg, mpg, .mp4), QuickTime (.mov), Audio Video Interleave (.avi), Windows Media Video[1] (.wmv), and DivX (.avi, .divx).
 It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with images recorded digitally instead of on film stock.
Phases of Production
Pre-Production
Production
Post Production

Pre-Production: It the preparation stage related to video shoot and later production.  Anything and everything about a video production's logistics are coordinated from scratch based on the script, and everything must be in place before the principle photography begins.
It comprises:
Pitch and Treatment
Audience profie
Research
Budgeting
Casting
Key personnel- it include technical staff like camera persons, lighting,directors, producers.
(Floor Plan: Also called staging plan, ground plan, or set plan, is a rough plan of staging layout. It is prepared in the pre production phase and tells about the placement of various equipments, propes and lighting.)

Production: Production is when all the planning during script development and pre-production comes together.  "Action!" is called, and that is when the cameras roll and the fun begins. A professional video production crew has an eye for detail and should be meticulous about lighting, have a penchant for capturing great sound bites during interviews, directing talent, and capturing relevant and beautiful B-roll. Our animators and graphic artists work magic – creating the best animations and graphics to represent your brand.
Post Production:  Post-Production – or editing – is the stage of production when the production team digs into the recorded video and audio footage and assembles it in accordance with the script. Graphics, music, sound effects, and visual effects are crafted and added, along with color correction, audio sweetening, and sound design.
Its various elements: Logging, Editing, Graphics and Special effects, Sound preparation, Dubbing, Delivery.

Editing:Organises the raw video footage in to a package video. It require 3 types of cuts:
Editor Cut, Director cut, Final Cut.
Editor Cut: A first cut or rough cut, it is taken under consultation with the director. It is done after the thorough review of raw footage by editor,
Director cut: Here director give the meaningful and logical placement of shots. The director and editor go throught the videos, shots are selected, rearranged, or removed or shortened.
Final cut:A cocluding process of editing, done in association with the producer of the programme , or film.
Format of editing: Linear editing and Non-linear editing.
Linear editing:Tape to tape editing…. Linear video editing is a video editing post-production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined, ordered sequence.[1] Regardless of whether it was captured by a video cameratapeless camcorder, or recorded in a television studio on a video tape recorder (VTR) the content must be accessed sequentially.[2] For the most part video editing software has replaced linear editing.
Until the advent of computer-based random access non-linear editing systems (NLE) in the early 1990s, "linear video editing" was simply called "video editing".
While computer based video editing software has been adopted throughout most of the commercialfilm, industrial and consumer video industries, linear video tape editing is still commonplace in television station newsrooms for the production of television news, and medium-sized production facilities which haven’t made the capital investment in newer technologies.

Non linear editing: Allows one to take raw footage and digitize into a computer file (data) and manipulate it on computer.one can randomly acess any frame instantaneously.footage can be placed in timeline while one or mpre desktop application is working.
Adobe premier, Final cut pro,Avid, Apple I movie, imovie hd,im09/11.,Velocity.
Transition technique: It is a smooth transition form one shot to another. Also called SEGUE.
Forms of transition: Cut, Dissolve, fade, Wipe,Defocus,Pull focus,Establishing shot,Cut- away, Cut-in, Reaction shot. (details in arihant.)

CAMERA: Parts and feature:
·        Battery pack-power source.
·        AC Adapter:Power source for battery pack.
·        View finder:A small eye piece or screen on the camera that allows to see the image being recorded.
·        Zoom:closeup or long shot.
·        Focus:two position for focus-auto and manual. To make sure the shots are in focus zoom in and focus up close first and then zoom back.this ensures what ever shooting is focused.
·        Fade:A gradual increase or decrease of the image and sound. You can fade an image to black or do the reverse.
·        Frame:A single complete vdeo image of 1/30th second.. there are 30 frame in a second.
·        Backlight:If the main subject is darker than the surrounding scene this feature is used.
·        Tally light: A recording indicator light. When lit it will let anyone in front of the camera see that it is recording.
Camera Movements:
·        Tilt
·        Pan
·        Tracking shot.(Dolly held)
·        Crane, Handheld., Zoom.
·        Reverse Zoom: in one shot, moves away from a particular object.
·        Camera Shots: Extreme long shot (establishing shot), long shot,Full shot,Mid shot, Close up an extreme close up.

Camera Angle:
·        Bird high angle:Directly to a scene.used with establishing shots.
·        High angle :  A high-angle shot (HA) is a shot in which the camera is physically higher than the subject and is looking down upon the subject. The high angle shot can make the subject look small or weak or vulnerable .
·        Eye level angle : eye-level (EL) shot has little to no psychological effect on the viewer. This shot is when the camera is level or looking straight on with the subject.

·        Low angle: is taken from below the subject and has the power to make the subject look powerful or threatening.
·        Dutch angle:dutch angle, also called a canted angle or even simply the tilted angle, is an angle in which the camera itself is tilted to the left or the right. The unnatural angle gives the viewer a feeling that world is out of balance or psychological unrest. Mean confusion of character.

·        Point of view angle :point of view shot (POV) shows the viewer the image through the subject's eye. Some POV shots use hand-held cameras to create the illusion that the viewer is seeing through the subject's eyes. Means subject eye viewing to something in a sequence.

SOUND
Process of specifying, acquiring, manipulating, or generating audio elements.It is used in film making, T.V, Sound recording, sound art etc.
·        Sound mixer recordist- head of sound department.involves the choice of microphones, operations, recording device.
·        Boom Operator:or swinger, Microphone placement and movement during filming.
Light:
·        Back light: illuminate background of the subject.usually of lower intensity.
·        Cameo lighting:accentuate a single person in a scene.. creates an angelic shot.focus on the subject not on environment.
·        Fill light:reduce the contrast of scene and provide illumination for the areas in the image that are in shadow.
·        Key light:highlight the form and dimension of the subject.this is the foremost form of light.
·        Spot light:use to spot an object.
·        Flood light: when there is need of immense illumination, this light is used.it is less expensive.
·        Silhoutte.
Light dept:
·        Grip- are lighting and rigging technicians. Work closely with electrical department.
·        Key grip:achieve correct lighting and blocking. Works with director of photography.
·        Best boy:chief assistant to key grip. Organize the grip truck through the day.
·        Dolly grip: Operating the camera dolly if dolly grip. They place, level and move the dolly and usually a camera operator and camera assistant as riders.
·        Electrical: gaffer-head of electrical dept. design and execution of the lighting production.
MICROPHONE
microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike (/ˈmaɪk/),[1] is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephoneshearing aidspublic address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineeringsound recordingtwo-way radiosmegaphonesradio and televisionbroadcasting, and in computers for recording voice, speech recognitionVoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors.
Types:- Detail in Arihant.
Dynamic MC-
CondenserMC
Ribbon MC
Crystal MC
Carbon MC
Miscellaneous:
Foley artist-Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality. These reproduced sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky doors and breaking glass.
Greensman-Deals with artistic arrangement or plant material.
Video Split-is used by directors to watch a monitor during each take.
Video standards: NTSC, PAL, SECAM.
Safe title area is a term used in television production to describe the areas of the television picture that can be seen on televisionscreens.
Older televisions can display less of the space outside of the safe area than ones made more recently. Flat panel screens, Plasma displays and liquid crystal display (LCD) screens generally can show most of the picture outside the safe areas.
The use of safe areas in television production ensures that the most important parts of the picture are seen by the majority of viewers.
The size of the title-safe area is typically specified in pixels or percent. The NTSC and PAL analog television standards do not specify official overscan amounts, and producers of television programming use their own guidelines.
F-Stop-The f-number of an optical system such as a camera lens is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil. It is a dimensionless number that is a quantitative measure of lens speed, and an important concept in photography. It is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio, or f-stop.the value that stops the movement of camera.
Pixel:Element in a photograph.
View finder-The viewfinder of a camera is what allows you to see the image that you are going to take. The viewfinder is located at the top of the back of digital cameras, and you look through it to compose a scene.
Keep in mind that not all digital cameras have a viewfinder. Some point and shoot, compact cameras do not include a viewfinder, meaning you must use the LCD screen to frame a photo.
With cameras that include a viewfinder, you almost always have the option of using the viewfinder or the LCD to frame your photos. On some DSLR cameras this is not an option.

Primary Colours: Any of a group of colours from which all other colours can be obtained by mixing.RGB-RED, GREEN and BLUE.
Dolly-platform of wheels on which cameras are mounted.

Sequence: 1.frame,Shot,Sequence, Scene.
2.Long shot, mid shot,close up, Extreme close up.
3.Cinematic process- Scripting,Direction,Cinematography,Editing and post production.
4.Editing- Editor cut, director cut,Producer cut, Finish.


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