Video
production is
the process of creating video by capturing
moving images (videography), and creating
combinations and reductions of parts of this video in live production and
post-production (video
editing).
It is now distributed digitally in
formats such as the Moving Picture Experts Group format (.mpeg, mpg,
.mp4), QuickTime (.mov), Audio
Video Interleave (.avi), Windows
Media Video[1] (.wmv), and DivX (.avi, .divx).
Phases
of Production
Pre-Production
Production
Post Production
Pre-Production: It the preparation stage related to
video shoot and later production.
Anything and everything about a video production's logistics are
coordinated from scratch based on the script, and everything must be in place
before the principle photography begins.
It comprises:
Pitch and Treatment
Audience profie
Research
Budgeting
Casting
Key personnel- it include technical staff like
camera persons, lighting,directors, producers.
(Floor
Plan: Also called staging plan, ground plan, or set plan,
is a rough plan of staging layout. It is prepared in the pre production phase
and tells about the placement of various equipments, propes and lighting.)
Production: Production
is when all the planning during script development and pre-production comes
together. "Action!" is called, and that is when the cameras
roll and the fun begins. A professional video production crew has an eye for
detail and should be meticulous about lighting, have a penchant for capturing
great sound bites during interviews, directing talent, and capturing relevant
and beautiful B-roll. Our animators
and graphic artists work magic – creating the best
animations and graphics to represent your brand.
Post
Production: Post-Production – or editing – is the stage of
production when the production team digs into the recorded video and audio
footage and assembles it in accordance with the script. Graphics, music, sound
effects, and visual effects are crafted and added, along with color correction,
audio sweetening, and sound design.
Its various elements: Logging,
Editing, Graphics and Special effects, Sound preparation, Dubbing, Delivery.
Editing:Organises
the raw video footage in to a package video. It require 3 types of cuts:
Editor Cut,
Director cut, Final Cut.
Editor Cut: A
first cut or rough cut, it is taken under consultation with the director. It is
done after the thorough review of raw footage by editor,
Director cut:
Here director give the meaningful and logical placement of shots. The director
and editor go throught the videos, shots are selected, rearranged, or removed
or shortened.
Final cut:A
cocluding process of editing, done in association with the producer of the
programme , or film.
Format of
editing: Linear editing and Non-linear editing.
Linear editing:Tape to tape editing….
Linear video editing is a video editing post-production process of
selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined,
ordered sequence.[1] Regardless of whether it was
captured by a video camera, tapeless camcorder, or recorded in a television studio on a video tape recorder (VTR) the content
must be accessed sequentially.[2] For the most part video editing software has
replaced linear editing.
Until the advent of computer-based random access non-linear editing systems (NLE) in the early 1990s, "linear video editing"
was simply called "video editing".
While computer
based video
editing software has
been adopted throughout most of the commercial, film, industrial and consumer video industries, linear video tape
editing is still commonplace in television
station newsrooms for the production of television news, and medium-sized production facilities
which haven’t made the capital investment in newer technologies.
Non linear editing:
Allows one to take raw footage and digitize into a computer file (data) and
manipulate it on computer.one can randomly acess any frame
instantaneously.footage can be placed in timeline while one or mpre desktop
application is working.
Adobe premier, Final
cut pro,Avid, Apple I movie, imovie hd,im09/11.,Velocity.
Transition
technique: It is a smooth transition form one shot to another. Also called
SEGUE.
Forms of transition:
Cut, Dissolve, fade, Wipe,Defocus,Pull focus,Establishing shot,Cut- away,
Cut-in, Reaction shot. (details in arihant.)
CAMERA: Parts and feature:
·
Battery
pack-power source.
·
AC
Adapter:Power source for battery pack.
·
View
finder:A small eye piece or screen on the camera that allows to see the image
being recorded.
·
Zoom:closeup
or long shot.
·
Focus:two
position for focus-auto and manual. To make sure the shots are in focus zoom in
and focus up close first and then zoom back.this ensures what ever shooting is
focused.
·
Fade:A
gradual increase or decrease of the image and sound. You can fade an image to
black or do the reverse.
·
Frame:A
single complete vdeo image of 1/30th second.. there are 30 frame in
a second.
·
Backlight:If
the main subject is darker than the surrounding scene this feature is used.
·
Tally
light: A recording indicator light. When lit it will let anyone in front of the
camera see that it is recording.
Camera Movements:
·
Tilt
·
Pan
·
Tracking
shot.(Dolly held)
·
Crane,
Handheld., Zoom.
·
Reverse
Zoom: in one shot, moves away from a particular object.
·
Camera
Shots: Extreme long shot (establishing shot), long shot,Full shot,Mid shot,
Close up an extreme close up.
Camera Angle:
·
Bird high
angle:Directly to a scene.used with establishing shots.
·
High angle : A high-angle shot (HA) is a shot in which the camera is
physically higher than the subject and is looking down upon the subject. The
high angle shot can make the subject look small or weak or vulnerable .
·
Eye level angle : eye-level (EL) shot has little to no psychological effect on
the viewer. This shot is when the camera is level or looking straight on with
the subject.
·
Low
angle: is taken from below the subject and has
the power to make the subject look powerful or threatening.
·
Dutch angle: A dutch angle, also called a canted angle or even
simply the tilted angle, is an angle in which the camera itself is tilted to
the left or the right. The unnatural angle gives the viewer a feeling that
world is out of balance or psychological unrest. Mean confusion of character.
·
Point of
view angle : A point of
view shot (POV) shows
the viewer the image through the subject's eye. Some POV shots use hand-held cameras to create the illusion that the
viewer is seeing through the subject's eyes. Means subject eye viewing to
something in a sequence.
SOUND
Process of
specifying, acquiring, manipulating, or generating audio elements.It is used in
film making, T.V, Sound recording, sound art etc.
·
Sound
mixer recordist- head of sound department.involves the choice of microphones,
operations, recording device.
·
Boom
Operator:or swinger, Microphone placement and movement during filming.
Light:
·
Back
light: illuminate background of the subject.usually of lower intensity.
·
Cameo
lighting:accentuate a single person in a scene.. creates an angelic shot.focus
on the subject not on environment.
·
Fill
light:reduce the contrast of scene and provide illumination for the areas in
the image that are in shadow.
·
Key
light:highlight the form and dimension of the subject.this is the foremost form
of light.
·
Spot
light:use to spot an object.
·
Flood
light: when there is need of immense illumination, this light is used.it is
less expensive.
·
Silhoutte.
Light dept:
·
Grip-
are lighting and rigging technicians. Work closely with electrical department.
·
Key
grip:achieve correct lighting and blocking. Works with director of photography.
·
Best
boy:chief assistant to key grip. Organize the grip truck through the day.
·
Dolly
grip: Operating the camera dolly if dolly grip. They place, level and move the
dolly and usually a camera operator and camera assistant as riders.
·
Electrical:
gaffer-head of electrical dept. design and execution of the lighting
production.
MICROPHONE
A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike (/ˈmaɪk/),[1] is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for
concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live
and recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-way radios, megaphones, radio and televisionbroadcasting, and in computers for
recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic sensors
or knock sensors.
Types:- Detail
in Arihant.
Dynamic MC-
CondenserMC
Ribbon MC
Crystal MC
Carbon MC
Miscellaneous:
Foley artist-Foley is
the reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film, video, and
other media in post-production to enhance audio quality. These reproduced
sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky
doors and breaking glass.
Greensman-Deals with artistic
arrangement or plant material.
Video Split-is used by directors to
watch a monitor during each take.
Video standards: NTSC, PAL, SECAM.
Safe title area is a term used
in television production to
describe the areas of the television picture that can be seen on televisionscreens.
Older televisions can display less of the space outside of
the safe area than ones made more recently. Flat panel screens, Plasma displays and liquid crystal display (LCD)
screens generally can show most of the picture outside the safe areas.
The use of safe areas in television production ensures
that the most important parts of the picture are seen by the majority of
viewers.
The size of the title-safe area is typically specified in
pixels or percent. The NTSC and PAL analog television standards do not specify official overscan amounts, and producers of television programming use
their own guidelines.
F-Stop-The f-number
of an optical system such as a camera lens is the ratio of the system's focal
length to the diameter of the entrance pupil. It is a dimensionless number that
is a quantitative measure of lens speed, and an important concept in photography.
It is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio, or f-stop.the
value that stops the movement of camera.
Pixel:Element in a photograph.
View finder-The
viewfinder of a camera is what allows you to see the image that you are going
to take. The viewfinder is located at the top of the back of
digital cameras, and you look through it to compose a scene.
Keep in mind that not all digital cameras have a
viewfinder. Some point and shoot, compact cameras do not include a viewfinder,
meaning you must use the LCD screen to frame a photo.
With cameras that include a viewfinder, you almost
always have the option of using the viewfinder or the LCD to frame your photos.
On some DSLR cameras this is not an option.
Primary Colours: Any of a group of colours from which all
other colours can be obtained by mixing.RGB-RED, GREEN and BLUE.
Dolly-platform of wheels on which cameras are mounted.
Sequence: 1.frame,Shot,Sequence,
Scene.
2.Long shot, mid shot,close
up, Extreme close up.
3.Cinematic process-
Scripting,Direction,Cinematography,Editing and post production.
4.Editing- Editor cut, director
cut,Producer cut, Finish.
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