Wilbur Schramm Model 1954

It is a two way circular communication between sender and receiver. It is derived from Osgood Model who gave a circular form of communication.

He emphasis on encoding and decoding of message . A message is only sent when encoded by sender and decoded after its receiving by the receiver, so it is called decoder.

He gave 6 elements of communication: Fig 1

Source

Encoder

Message

Channel

Decoder

Receiver

This model shows how meaning is transferred from one person or group to another. Here he added Field of experience: are based on individual beliefs, values, experiences a nd learned meanings both as an individual or part of group.

He suggest that message can be complicated by different meaning learned by different people. Fig 2

Thus Schramm says Message meaning can be Denotative or Connotative.

Denotative meaning: it is based on Dictionary meaning of word. Which is universally same and accepted by all?

Connotative meaning : based on one’s Emotional or Personal experiences , thus can be different for different persons , based upon their evaluation. ,

Thus incorporating the study of human behavior.

Schramm's model of communication is used in both Intrapersonal and Interpersonal communication.

The model takes communication as a never ending process which constitutes messages and feedbacks.

Each person is both sender and receiver, so there must be interpretation of the message on each turn. The interpreted data is known as information. This makes communication effective but might cause problems too as the message sent after encoding might not be the same when decoded by the receiver. So, this model is not conventional like other models that only talk about sender and receiver. 

Feedback is also a very important component as it lets the sender know if the receiver has interpreted the message as required or not. The message becomes useless if the receiver does not understand it making feedback different than the expected outcome.

Dance Model

Helical Model 1967

By Franck Dance,

So also called Dance Model.

In this the communication is said to be as a continous and dynamic process which progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary increases .

For example: Meeting a person ist time-  at this point of time we don’t know about him, but as we keep communicating with him/her, knowledge about the person grows. It considers all activities of person  from past and present.

Model is represented in form of CURVE: See Pic.....

The Curve in this Helix model affect the communication.

At first curve are small ( the lower part ), which means  lack of information ( about the person or anything), but helix leaves it lower level of behavior and grows upward in a new way,thus widens the curve which means more knowledge gathered. All this happened as we continue the communication process . but It always depend on lower level to form the message and increase the information.

If at lower level itself if we stop communication , then the knowledge sphere would not get stretched.

It is criticized as it contains very less or no variable, thus doesnot fit into the definition of Model.

Helical Model